1. It established the European Union
The Maastricht Treaty, officially known as the Treaty on European Union, marked the beginning of “a new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe”. It laid the foundations for a single currency, the euro, and significantly expanded cooperation between European countries in a number of new areas:
- European citizenship was created, allowing citizens to reside in and move freely between Member States
- a common foreign and security policy was established
- closer cooperation between police and the judiciary in criminal matters was agreed
The Treaty was signed in the Dutch city of Maastricht, which lies close to the borders with Belgium and Germany. It was the result of several years of discussions between governments on deepening European integration.
2. It was signed by 12 countries
Representatives from 12 countries signed the Treaty on 7 February 1992 – Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom.
The parliaments in each country then ratified the Treaty, in some cases holding referendums. The Maastricht Treaty officially came into force on 1 November 1993 and the European Union was officially established.
Since then, a further 16 countries have joined the EU and adopted the rules set out in the Maastricht Treaty or in the treaties that followed later.
3. It laid the foundations for the euro
The Maastricht Treaty paved the way for the creation of a single European currency – the euro. It was the culmination of several decades of debate on increasing economic cooperation in Europe. The Treaty also established the European Central Bank (ECB) and the European System of Central Banks and describes their objectives. The main objective for the ECB is to maintain price stability, i.e. to safeguard the value of the euro.
The idea of a single currency for Europe was first proposed in the early 1960s by the European Commission. However, an unstable economic landscape in the 1970s meant that the project was brought to a halt.
European leaders revived the idea of a single currency in 1986 and committed to a three-stage transition process in 1989. The Maastricht Treaty formally established these stages:
- Stage 1 (from 1 July 1990 to 31 December 1993): introduction of free movement of capital between Member States
- Stage 2 (from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1998): increased cooperation between national central banks and the increased alignment of Member States’ economic policies
- Stage 3 (from 1 January 1999 to today): gradual introduction of the euro together with the implementation of a single monetary policy, for which the ECB is responsible
4. It introduced the criteria that countries must meet to join the euro
Along with setting out the timeline for the introduction of the single currency, the Treaty also established rules on how the euro would work in practice. This included how to determine if countries were ready to join the euro.
The purpose of these particular rules, sometimes referred to as the Maastricht criteria or the convergence criteria, is to ensure price stability is maintained in the euro area even when new countries join the currency. The rules work to ensure that countries joining are stable in the following areas:
- inflation
- levels of public debt
- interest rates
- exchange rate
5. It was a giant leap forward for European integration
Since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, European countries have grown closer together while some policy areas such as economic and fiscal policies remain at national level. European leaders have agreed on additional steps to promote further integration between European states:
- the Stability and Growth Pact was agreed in 1997 to ensure that countries followed sound budgetary policies
- the European Stability Mechanism was established to provide financial assistance to euro area countries experiencing or threatened by severe financing problems
- the Single Supervisory Mechanism and the Single Resolution Board were created after the financial crisis to make the European banking system safer, as well as to increase financial integration and stability
Today, more than 510 million citizens from 28 Member States enjoy the benefits of European cooperation. And 25 years after the roadmap towards the euro was agreed, the euro has become the world’s second most traded currency and is part of the daily life of 340 million citizens in 19 countries.
